Cap-and-trade programs kill manufacturing jobs, according to new research published by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

The study says that manufacturing jobs were reduced by 1.3 percent in affected areas after the EPA implemented a cap-and-trade program in 20 eastern states in the 2000s. Cap-and-trade cost over 110,000 jobs total in the affected states. Manufacturers in the top quartile of energy-users cut jobs by 3.9 percent more than low energy-users in the bottom quartile.